Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://biore.bio.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/7317
Title: Phloretin inhibits the growth of Arabidopsis shoots by inducing chloroplast damage and programmed cell death
Authors: Smailagić, Dijana
Dragišić Maksimović, Jelena
Marin, Marija 
Stupar, Sofija
Ninković, Slavica
Banjac, Nevena
Stanišić, Mariana
Keywords: Allelochemical;Antioxidative enzymes;Autophagy;Cell ultrastructure;Dihydrochalcone;Malus;Photosynthetic pigments
Issue Date: 19-Sep-2024
Rank: M21
Publisher: Elsevier
Journal: Journal of plant physiology
Volume: 303
Start page: 154354
Abstract: 
Phloretin is a key secondary metabolite produced by apple trees. Known for its strong antioxidant properties, this dihydrochalcone has been extensively studied in animals but less so in plants. Recently, we identified phloretin as a phytotoxic allelochemical that inhibits growth in the model plant Arabidopsis by disrupting auxin metabolism and distribution in the roots. In this study, we found that phloretin significantly hinders the growth of Arabidopsis seedlings' aerial parts after a short-term treatment (10 days) and causes their decay after long-term exposure (28 days). These effects result from ultrastructural damage in the mesophyll cells of the leaves, including chloroplast displacement and swelling, lesions, and alterations in thylakoid and cell wall organization. Interestingly, phloretin-treated plants showed a decrease in malondialdehyde levels and antioxidant enzyme activities, while hydrogen peroxide and proline levels remained unchanged. This suggests that phloretin-induced chlorosis and seedling decay are not due to oxidative stress but rather to severe chloroplast structural damage, leading to inefficient photosynthesis, starch degradation, starvation, and activation of micro- and macroautophagic processes for self-preservation. Ultimately, these processes result in programmed cell death. These new insights into the phytotoxic effects of phloretin on Arabidopsis shoots could pave the way for future research into phloretin as a potential multitarget bioherbicide and enhance our understanding of autoallelopathy in apple trees.
URI: https://biore.bio.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/7317
ISSN: 01761617
DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154354
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