Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://biore.bio.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/7382
Title: Ontogeny, not prey availability, underlies allopatric venom variability in insular and mainland populations of Vipera ammodytes
Authors: Lakušić, Margareta 
Damm, Maik
Bjelica, Vukašin 
Anđelković, Marko
Tomović, Ljiljana 
Bonnet, Xavier
Arsovski, Dragan
Süssmuth, Roderich D
Calvete, Juan J
Martínez-Freiría, Fernando
Keywords: Biotic conditions;Diet;Ecological proteomics;Island viper;Nose-horned viper;Phenotypic variation
Issue Date: 19-Sep-2024
Rank: M22
Publisher: Elsevier
Journal: Journal of proteomics
Volume: 310
Start page: 105320
Abstract: 
Allopatric populations living under distinct ecological conditions are excellent systems to infer factors underlying intraspecific venom variation. The venom composition of two populations of Vipera ammodytes, insular with a diet based on ectotherms and mainland with a diet based on ectotherms and endotherms, was compared considering the sex and age of individuals. Ten toxin families, dominated by PLA2, svMP, svSP, and DI, were identified through a bottom-up approach. The venom profiles of adult females and males were similar. Results from 58 individual SDS-PAGE profiles and venom pool analysis revealed significant differences between juveniles compared to subadults and adults. Two venom phenotypes were identified: a juvenile svMP-dominated and KUN-lacking phenotype and an adult PLA2/svMP-balanced and KUN-containing phenotype. Despite differences in prey availability (and, therefore, diet) between populations, no significant differences in venom composition were found. As the populations are geographically isolated, the lack of venom diversification could be explained by insufficient time for natural selection and/or genetic drift to act on the venom composition of island vipers. However, substantial differences in proteomes were observed when compared to venoms from geographically distant populations inhabiting different conditions. These findings highlight the need to consider ecological and evolutionary processes when studying venom variability. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of the venom composition of two allopatric populations of Vipera ammodytes, living under similar abiotic (climate) but distinct biotic (prey availability) conditions. The ontogenetic changes in venom composition, coupled with the lack of differences between sex and between populations, shed light on the main determinants of venom evolution in this medically important snake. Seven new proteomes may facilitate future comparative studies of snake venom evolution. This study highlights the importance of considering ecological and evolutionary factors to understand snake venom variation.
URI: https://biore.bio.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/7382
ISSN: 18743919
DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2024.105320
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