Population structure and genetic variability of jackals in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Abstract

In recent years, the golden jackal (Canis aureus) has rapidly expanded its distribution throughout Europe. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the jackal has also been found to have increased its range, while establishing a core population in the northern lowlands of the country. This core population has been augmented by individuals from Serbia and Croatia, indicating an ongoing gene flow between the neighboring regions. Given the lack of comprehensive population-genetic data in the country, we aimed to produce the first information on jackal genetic diversity and population structure. We analyzed 24 autosomal microsatellite loci and found moderately high genetic diversity (Na = 5.83, Ho = 0.56, He = 0.59) in 48 jackals from Bosnia and Herzegovina, comparable to most other European populations. Analyses of population structure revealed two genetic clusters (K = 2) with an uncertain spatial pattern. Given the continuing expansion of its populations throughout Europe, the distribution of golden jackal is gradually overlapping with that of humans and other Canidae. Consequently, conflicts are steadily increasing, as are additional concerns regarding potential hybridization with dogs and wolves. This study is therefore a valuable contribution to the understanding of future actions and measures that should be established for jackals in Bosnia and Herzegovina.