Evaluation of Salix alba, Juglans regia and Populus nigra as biomonitors of PTEs in the riparian soils of the Sava River

Abstract

A large number of human activities result in the release of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) into the environment, which could lead to the degradation of riparian areas. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of Salix alba, Juglans regia and Populus nigra for the biomonitoring of PTEs in the riparian soils of the Sava River. Levels of seven PTEs (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) were measured in the soils, roots and leaves of plants at selected sampling sites and evaluated according to bioaccumulation and translocation factors. The obtained results showed that in riparian soils, As, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn were at levels considered to be critical for plants. The levels of As, Cd, Cr, Ni and Zn measured in roots of Salix alba and As, Cr, Ni and Zn in its leaves were toxic for plant tissue. Toxic levels of Cr were also measured in the roots of Juglans regia and As in its leaves, as well as As and Cr in the roots of Populus nigra, and Zn in its leaves. Bioconcentration and translocation factors showed that S. alba and P. nigra have potential for the phytoextraction of Zn and Cd, while J. regia has potential for the phytoextraction of As. In terms of phytostabilization potential, S. alba proved to be good for the phytostabilization of Cd and Cu, and J. regia for the phytostabilization of Cr, As, Ni and Pb, while P. nigra showed potential for the phytostabilization of Cr, Ni, Pb and Cu.