RISKS OF ACCIDENTAL INTRODUCTIONS OF VENOMOUS SNAKES INTO CITIES AND SEMI-URBAN AREAS IN SERBIA: REVIEW OF MEDIA-PUBLISHED CASES BETWEEN 2017 AND 2025

Abstract

In the past decade, multiple incidents have been documented involving the presence of venomous snakes in urban regions of Serbia, where these animals are typically absent. We analyzed the confirmed cases in major cities such as Belgrade, Novi Sad, Niš, Kragujevac, and Kraljevo, along with occurrences in smaller towns. The snake species involved wasthe nose-horned viper (Vipera ammodytes), which often “hitchhikes” vehicles returning from nature; the alternative – escaped captives – was highly improbable. These incidents most often ended with no bites to humans. Public reactions usually included fear and panic. Successful interventions by experts from faculties, institutes, or local snake handlers prevented bites or the establishment of breeding populations in urban areas. We addressed the ecological impacts of habitat disruption/urbanization, shifts in biodiversity, and interactions between humans and wildlife. Ongoing monitoring, public education, and establishment of educated communal services and response protocols are essential to reduce risks to both humans and these protected reptiles.