Examination of the Anti-Biofilm Properties of Lignocellulose-Based Activated Carbon from Black Alder for Water Treatment Applications

Abstract

Nowadays, there is increasing global demand for activated carbon considering its wide usage as an adsorbent of environmental pollutants. Biowaste rich in lignocellulose, like the cone-like flowers of black alder (A_AC), shows promise as a precursor for novel materials. Building upon previous research and this material’s established applicability for removing cyanobacteria cells and cyanotoxins from water, this study investigates the CNOHS composition of A_AC and its potential to inhibit biofilm formation. A comprehensive CNOHS analysis showed the material composition as 64.5%, 1.77%, 28.83%, 2.05%, and 0.12% for C, N, O, H, and S respectively. The material’s efficacy in inhibiting biofilm formation across eight selected bacterial strains was evaluated. The results showed biofilm formation rates of 62.6%, 22.1%, 73.8%, 12.1%, 40.9%, 24.2%, 9.2%, and 7.6% for Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Salmonella Typhimurium, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Enterococcus faecalis, respectively. Biofilm formation is influenced by biotic and abiotic factors, especially the physicochemical properties of the substrate. This study offers insights into the potential of black-alder-derived activated carbon to prevent biofilm formation, highlighting its role in water purification and environmental protection.