Integrated Redox-Metabolic Orchestration Sustains Life in Hibernating Ground Squirrels

Abstract

Significance: The ultimate manifestations of life, birth, survival under various environmental pressures and death are based on bioenergetics. Hibernation is a unique survival strategy for many small mammals that is characterised by severe metabolic depression and transition from euthermia to hypothermia (torpor) at body temperatures close to 0°C. These manifestations of life were made possible by the remarkable "social" behavior of biomolecules during billions of years of evolution: the evolution of life with oxygen. Oxygen was necessary for energy production and the evolutionary explosion of aerobic organisms. Recent Advances: Nevertheless, reactive oxygen species, formed through oxidative metabolism, are dangerous-they can kill a cell and, on the other hand, play a plethora of fundamentally valuable roles. Therefore, the evolution of life depended on energy metabolism and redox-metabolic adaptations. The more extreme the conditions for survival are, the more sophisticated the adaptive responses of organisms become. Hibernation is a beautiful illustration of this principle. Hibernating animals use evolutionarily conserved molecular mechanisms to survive adverse environmental conditions, including reducing body temperature to ambient levels (often to ∼0°C) and severe metabolic depression. This long-built secret of life lies at the intersection of oxygen, metabolism, and bioenergetics, and hibernating organisms have learned to exploit all the underlying capacities of molecular pathways to survive. Critical Issues: Despite such drastic changes in phenotype, tissues and organs of hibernators sustain no metabolic or histological damage during hibernation or upon awakening from hibernation. This was made possible by the fascinating integration of redox-metabolic regulatory networks whose molecular mechanisms remain undisclosed to this day. Future Directions: Discovering these molecular mechanisms is not warranted only to understand hibernation in itself but to help explain complex medical conditions (hypoxia/reoxygenation, organ transplantation, diabetes, and cancer) and to even help overcome limitations associated with space travel. This is a review of integrated redox-metabolic orchestration in hibernation.